System Customization

Generally, the root filesystem of an image is defined by a layer. The layer to use for an image is specified by the layer directive of the image. Each layer is defined by a file <layer name>.toml in the layers directory having the following structure:

type Layer = {
    parent?: string;
    root?: boolean,
    url?: string;
    recipes?: string[];
    exclude?: string[];
    parameters?: {
        [recipe: string]: {
            [parameter: string]: string | boolean | number
        };
    }
}

A layer may be based upon a parent layer, may be fetched from a URL, or be a root layer.

Rugpi comes with pre-defined base layers that can be used by setting parent to

• core/debian-bookworm for Debian Bookworm,
• core/alpine-3-20 for Alpine Linux 3.20,
• core/raspios-bookworm for Raspberry Pi OS (Bookworm), and
• core/raspios-bullseye for Raspberry Pi OS (Bullseye).

Instead of using a pre-defined base layer, the recipes core/alpine-bootstrap and core/debian-bootstrap can be used for bootstrapping specific versions of Alpine Linux and Debian with root set to true. For semi-reproducible¹ images based on Debian snapshots, you can also set the snapshot parameter of core/debian-bootstrap. For instance:

root = true

recipes = [
    "core/debian-bootstrap",
]

[parameters."core/debian-bootstrap"]
suite = "bookworm"
snapshot = "20240501T024440Z"

The url property can be set to an URL of an image, e.g., of Raspberry Pi OS, or a .tar file containing a root filesystem. The URL can be either an HTTP URL or a file URL (starting with file://). In the latter case, the URL is resolved relative to the project directory. Using a .tar file as a basis enables layers based on root filesystems built with other tools, e.g., OpenEmbedded or Buildroot.

Recipes

At the top-level of the layer configuration, the recipes to enable are specified as a list:

<layer name>.toml

recipes = [...]

To exclude specific recipes, use the exclude directive:

exclude = [...]

A recipe describes modifications to be done to the system. Rugpi Bakery comes with a set of core recipes which you can use.

Each recipe has its own directory with a recipe.toml configuration file. Recipes may have a description, a priority, and dependencies. Checkout the builtin recipes for examples. Recipes are always applied in the order of their priority. In particular, dependencies are not guaranteed to be applied before the recipes that depend on them.

Parameters

Recipes can have parameters. Parameters are defined in the parameters section of recipe.toml:

[parameters]
parameter_name = { default = "a default value" }
other_parameter = {}  # Required parameter without a default value.

They are exposed to steps (see bellow) in environment variables of the form RECIPE_PARAM_<PARAM_NAME>. So, in case of our example, RECIPE_PARAM_PARAMETER_NAME and RECIPE_PARAM_OTHER_PARAMETER.

Parameters are set as part of the layer configuration.

Steps

A step is defined by a file in the steps directory of the recipe. The filename must start with an integer followed by a - and the step kind. The integer indicates the position of the step in the recipe, e.g., 00 to 99.

There are three kinds of steps.

XX-packages

a
list
of
packages

XX-run.*

#!/usr/bin/env bash

echo "This runs on the host system."

XXX-install.*

#!/usr/bin/env bash

echo "This runs via chroot in the system being built."

Note that run and install are not limited to Bash scripts.

You can also use XX-packages.apk and and XX-packages.apt to install different packages depending on whether the recipe is used to build an Alpine Linux or Debian based system.

Environment Variables

When running steps, the following environment variables are set.

• RUGPI_ARCH: The architecture of the build (arm64 or armhf).
• RUGPI_ROOT_DIR: The directory of the root filesystem.
• RUGPI_PROJECT_DIR: The directory of the Rugpi Bakery project.
• RUGPI_BUNDLE_DIR: The directory of the Rugpi Bundle being built.
• RECIPE_DIR: The directory of the recipe which is applied.
• RECIPE_STEP_PATH: The path of the step being executed.

Boot Partition

Rugpi Bakery does not mount the boot partition to /boot or /boot/firmware. To put files on the boot partition, they need to be moved/copied to ${RUGPI_BUNDLE_DIR}/roots/boot by a recipe.

Repositories

Repositories provide additional recipes and layers. The builtin core repository is always implicitly available. Additional repositories can be included in rugpi-bakery.toml. For instance, the quick-start templates may include the rugpi-extra repository with:

[repositories]
rugpi-extra = { git = "https://github.com/silitics/rugpi-extra.git", branch = "v0.7" }

The recipes and layers provided by a repository can then be used by prefixing their name with the name given to the repository. Note that this name is the key in the repositories section and can be freely chosen. Repositories can also be stored in local directories. In this case, they are included with path instead of git. Note that the path must be relative to and contained in the root directory of the Rugpi Bakery project (that is the directory containing the rugpi-bakery.toml configuration file).

When using Git repositories, additionally rev, branch, and tag properties are supported to specify the Git revision, branch, or tag to use. Among other things, this enables semantic versioning of recipes and layers.

Layer Caching

By default, layers are cached and only rebuilt if the recipes or their configuration file changes. Note that sometimes recipes may use files from the project directory. In this case, the recipes should include the following line

echo "<path-relative-to-project-dir>" >> "${LAYER_REBUILD_IF_CHANGED}"

where <path-relative-to-project-dir> is the path of the used files relative to the project directory. This will make the caching mechanism aware of those files and will lead to the layer being rebuilt if any of the files changes.

A common use case would be to load a .env file with secret environment variables from the project directory:

# Rebuild the layer if the environment changes.
echo ".env" >> "${LAYER_REBUILD_IF_CHANGED}"
# Include the environment, if it exists.
if [ -f "$RUGPI_PROJECT_DIR/.env" ]; then
    . "$RUGPI_PROJECT_DIR/.env"
fi

Footnotes

1. Builds are not fully reproducible yet. ↩